Selective powder dispenser configurations for additive manufacturing

ABSTRACT

A dispensing system for an additive manufacturing apparatus includes a frame, a powder reservoir, an agitator and an array of dispensing units positioned below the powder reservoir. The powder reservoir has a first width along a primary axis, and includes a lower portion and an upper portion that is wider than the lower portion along a second axis perpendicular to the primary axis. The agitator is positioned in the upper portion of the powder reservoir. Each dispensing unit includes a nozzle block that has a passage therethrough that defines a nozzle and provides a respective path for the powder to flow from the powder reservoir to the nozzle, and a valve positioned in the passage in the nozzle block to controllably release powder through the nozzle.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This specification relates to additive manufacturing, also known as 3Dprinting.

BACKGROUND

Additive manufacturing (AM), also known as solid freeform fabrication or3D printing, refers to a manufacturing process where three-dimensionalobjects are built up from successive dispensing of raw material (e.g.,powders, liquids, suspensions, or molten solids) into two-dimensionallayers. In contrast, traditional machining techniques involvesubtractive processes in which objects are cut out from a stock material(e.g., a block of wood, plastic or metal).

A variety of additive processes can be used in additive manufacturing.Some methods melt or soften material to produce layers, e.g., selectivelaser melting (SLM) or direct metal laser sintering (DMLS), selectivelaser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), while otherscure liquid materials using different technologies, e.g.,stereolithography (SLA). These processes can differ in the way layersare formed to create the finished objects and in the materials that arecompatible for use in the processes.

In some forms of additive manufacturing, a powder is placed on aplatform and a laser beam traces a pattern onto the powder to fuse thepowder together to form a shape. Once the shape is formed, the platformis lowered and a new layer of powder is added. The process is repeateduntil a part is fully formed.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus includes a housing and an array of dispensing units disposedin an interior of the housing. The housing has a ceiling, outer sidewalls, inner walls that define a powder reservoir to store powder to bedispensed over a top surface of a platen, and a base plate releasablyattached to the housing to form a substantially enclosed volume. Thearray of dispensing units are releasably coupled to the housing, andeach dispensing unit includes a nozzle block that is positioned belowthe powder reservoir, that has a passage therethrough that defines anozzle and provides a respective path for the powder to flow from thepowder reservoir through the nozzle, and that has a valve tocontrollably release powder through the nozzle. Each dispensing unit isvertically detachable from the housing so as to be removable from theinterior of the housing when the base plate is removed from the housing.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thehousing may include a pair of base plates each releasably attached tothe housing. The array of dispensing units may include a first pluralityof dispensing units extending over a first of the pair of base platesand a second plurality of dispensing units extending over a second ofthe pair of base plates. The first plurality of dispensing units and thesecond plurality of dispensing units may be arranged in alternatingorder in a row below the powder reservoir. One or more heat shields maybe connected to but spaced apart by a gap from the one or more baseplates with each base plate having an associated heat shield.

In another aspect, a dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus includes a housing and an array of dispensing units disposedin an interior of the housing. The housing has a ceiling, outer sidewalls, inner walls that define a trough having one or more firstapertures at a bottom thereof, and one or more base plates defining oneor more second apertures. The trough provides a powder reservoir tostore powder to be dispensed over a top surface of a platen. Eachdispensing unit includes a nozzle block that is positioned below thepowder reservoir and having edges captured between a bottom of thetrough and a rim of the base plate. Each nozzle block has a passagetherethrough that defines a nozzle and provides a respective path forthe powder to flow from a first aperture of the one or more firstapertures to a second aperture of the one or more second apertures.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thehousing may include a pair of base plates that are substantiallycoplanar and spaced apart to define the second aperture. The secondaperture may extend along a width of the housing across multiple nozzleblocks.

In another aspect, a dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus includes a frame, a powder reservoir joined to the frame andconfigured to store powder to be dispensed over a top surface of aplaten, and an array of dispensing units releasably coupled to the frameof the dispensing system by projections that extend into respectivedetents in a bottom of the powder reservoir. Each dispensing unitincludes a nozzle block having a passage therethrough that defines anozzle and provides a respective path for the powder to flow from thepowder reservoir to the nozzle and a valve positioned in the passage tocontrollably release powder through the nozzle.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thepowder reservoir may have a plurality of apertures arranged in a rowalong a first axis. Passages of the nozzle blocks may be aligned withthe plurality of apertures, and the projections may be spaced apart fromthe apertures along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis. Theframe may include a housing having one or more base plates, and eachnozzle block may be positioned below the powder reservoir and has edgescaptured between a bottom of the trough and a rim of the base plate.

In another aspect, a dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus includes a frame, a powder reservoir, an agitator and an arrayof dispensing units positioned below the powder reservoir. The powderreservoir is joined to the frame and configured to store powder to bedispensed over a top surface of a platen. The powder reservoir has afirst width along a primary axis, and the powder reservoir includes alower portion having a second width along a second axis perpendicular tothe primary axis and an upper portion having a third width along thesecond axis that is greater than the second width. The agitator ispositioned in the upper portion of the powder reservoir. Each dispensingunit includes a nozzle block that has a passage therethrough thatdefines a nozzle and provides a respective path for the powder to flowfrom the powder reservoir to the nozzle, and a valve positioned in thepassage in the nozzle block to controllably release powder through thenozzle.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Theagitator may extend along the width of the powder reservoir. Theagitator may include a paddle wheel or augur screw.

In another aspect, a dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus includes a housing, an array of dispensing units, and one ormore heat shields. The housing has a ceiling, outer side walls, innerwalls that define a trough, and one or more base plates defining one ormore apertures. The trough provides a powder reservoir to store powderto be dispensed over a top surface of a platen. The array of dispensingunits is positioned below the powder reservoir, and each dispensing unitincludes a nozzle block that has a passage therethrough that defines anozzle aligned with an aperture from the one or more apertures and thatprovides a respective path for the powder to flow from the powderreservoir to the nozzle and valve positioned in the passage in thenozzle block to controllably release powder through the nozzle. The heatshields are connected to but separated from the one or more base platesby a vertical gap, and each base plate has an associated heat shield.

Implementations may include one or more of the following features. Thehousing may include a pair of base plates that are substantiallycoplanar and spaced apart to define the second aperture. A pair of heatshields may be spaced apart by a horizontal gap, and the horizontal gapmay be aligned with the second aperture.

Advantages of the foregoing may include, but are not limited to, thefollowing. Compared to conventional powder dispensing system, thedisclosed techniques are more efficient. Conventional dry powderrecoating does not provide spatial selective dispensing and layering toform a uniform region on a powder bed in metal 3D printing systems. Inconventional 3D printers, a pool of powders is provided in front of ablade recoater or roller prior to the spreading. A drawback ofconventional recoating setup is the excessive use of powder perrecoating process. The excessive use increases the chances of subjectingsubsequent reclaimed powder to be exposed to spatter, metal condensate,sintering phenomenon, oxygen contamination, potential changes incrystallographic properties, etc. These effects have direct impact toflowability of powder, fusing behavior, and final part quality.

The disclosed selective powder dispensing approach, with spreadingand/or compaction, allows dispensing of powder as required. Thedisclosed “dispense on demand” approach only dispenses powder asnecessary to form the desired region of build on a powder bed.

Accordingly, the efficiency of forming an object and increase overallthroughput of additive manufacturing can be increased. The discloseddispensing system can include several paths through which powder can bedispensed in parallel onto a platform of the additive manufacturingapparatus. These multiple available paths can be independentlycontrolled such that the placement of powder onto the build platform canbe controlled. Accordingly, the dispensing system can dispense powderonly to where powder is needed. The disclosed techniques can thus reduceor avoid wasting expensive material, e.g., metal powder, used inadditive manufacturing, thus saving cost. In addition, the disclosedtechniques can ensure high quality recoated layer, thus leading to moreuniform powder layer thickness and compaction. The disclosed techniquescan allow more predictable powder fusing under various lasingconditions, which can lead to better quality of the end product.

Additionally, in high yield printing processes, nozzles can be cloggedand interrupt the printing process. Because the nozzle blocks arequickly removable, the dispensing system of the present invention allowsthe clogged nozzle blocks to be quickly replaced or maintained. Thedispensing system of the present disclosure also allows repairing ofblock containing a clogged nozzle while the printing process is stillrunning using a replacement block.

The details of one or more implementations of the subject matterdescribed in this specification are set forth in the accompanyingdrawings and the description below. Other potential features, aspects,and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings,and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a schematic side view of an example of an additivemanufacturing apparatus.

FIG. 1B is a schematic top view of the additive manufacturing apparatusof FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example dispensing system of the additivemanufacturing apparatus.

FIG. 3A is a top schematic view of the example dispensing system of FIG.2.

FIG. 3B is a perspective view of an example dispensing system without atop cover.

FIG. 4A is a front perspective view of an example hopper-wheel assemblyor dispensing unit of an example dispensing system.

FIG. 4B is a side perspective cross-sectional view of the dispensingunit of FIG. 4A.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example powder wheel.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example arrangement of powder wheels in nozzles.

FIG. 7 illustrates components of an example dispensing system.

FIG. 8 is a perspective cross-section view of an example dispensingsystem.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate an example paddle wheel, gear box and drivemechanism.

Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicatelike elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Additive manufacturing (AM) apparatuses can form an object by dispensingand fusing successive layers of a powder on a build platform. Control ofthe area on the build stage on which powder is dispensed is desirable. Acontrollable dispenser can permit control of the geometry of the object,or simply be used to avoid dispensing powder in areas of the buildplatform that will not support the object, thus reducing the consumptionof powder.

One potential problem is that nozzles in the dispenser can becomeclogged. However, if the entire dispenser is taken off-line for repair,valuable manufacturing time can be lost. By making nozzle blocks thatare quickly removable, the present dispensing system allows the cloggednozzle blocks to be quickly replaced or maintained.

Additive Manufacturing Apparatuses

FIG. 1A shows a schematic side view of an example additive manufacturing(AM) apparatus 100 that includes a dispensing system for dispensing ofpowder to form an object during a build operation. The apparatus 100includes a printhead 102 and a build platform or platen 104 (e.g., abuild stage). The printhead 102 dispenses a powder 106 and, optionally,fuses the powder 106 dispensed on the platform 104. Optionally, asdescribed below, the printhead 102 can also dispense and/or fuse asecond powder 108 on the platform 104.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the printhead 102 is supported on asupport 110 configured to traverse the platform 104. The support 110 caninclude a horizontally extending platform on which the printhead orprint heads are mounted. For example, the support 110 can be drivenalong one or more rails 119 by a linear actuator and/or motor so as tomove across the platform 104 along a first axis parallel to a forwarddirection 109, referred to as lengthwise. The support 110 can be agantry supported on two opposite sides, e.g., by two rails 119, as shownin FIG. 1B. Alternatively, the support 110 can be held in a cantileverarrangement on a single rail. As shown in FIG. 1B, the printhead 102 canspan the entire width of the build platform 104. Alternatively, thesupport 110 can instead or in addition include two or more smallerprintheads that move in the lateral direction of the build platform 104.

In the example as shown in FIG. 1B, the printhead 102 can scan in theforward direction 109 along the build platform 104. As the printhead 102travels across the build platform 104 from a first end 111 to a secondend 113, the printhead 102 can deposit a layer of powder. Then theprinthead 102 can return to the first end 111. After the layer has beenselectively fused, the printhead 102 can travel across the buildplatform 104 again in the forward direction 109 for a second time todeposit a second layer of powder.

The printhead 102 includes at least a first dispensing system 116 toselectively dispense powder 106 on the build platform 104.

The apparatus 100 also includes an energy source 114 to selectively addenergy to the layer of powder on the build platform 104. The energysource 114 can be incorporated into the printhead 102, mounted on thesupport 110, or be mounted separately, e.g., on a frame supporting thebuild platform 104, or on chamber wall that surrounds the build platform104, or on a separately movable support.

In some implementations, the energy source 114 can include a scanninglaser that generates a beam of focused energy that increases atemperature of a small area of the layer of the powder. The energysource 114 can fuse the powder by using, for example, a sinteringprocess, a melting process, or other process to cause the powder to forma solid mass of material. In some cases, the energy source 114 caninclude an ion beam or an electron beam.

The energy sources 114 can be positioned on the printhead 102 such that,as the printhead 102 advances in the forward direction 109, the energysources can cover lines of powder dispensed by the dispensing system116. When the apparatus 100 includes multiple dispensing systems, theprinthead 102 can also optionally include an energy source for each ofthe dispensing systems. If the apparatus includes multiple heat sources,the energy sources can each be located immediately ahead of one of theheat sources.

Optionally, the apparatus can include a heat source 112 to direct heatto raise the temperature of the deposited powder. The heat source 112can heat the deposited powder to a temperature that is below itssintering or melting temperature. The heat source 112 can be, forexample, a heat lamp array. The hat source 112 can be incorporated intothe printhead 102, mounted on the support 110, or be mounted separately,e.g., on a frame supporting the build platform 104 or on chamber wallthat surrounds the build platform 104, or on a separately moveablesupport.

In some implementations, the build platform 104 may include a heaterthat can heat powder dispensed on the build platform 104. The heater canbe an alternative to or in addition to the heat source 112 of theprinthead 102.

Optionally, the printhead 102 and/or the support 110 can also include afirst spreader 118, e.g., a compacting roller or a leveling blade, thatcooperates with first the dispensing system 116 to compact and spreadpowder dispensed by the dispensing system 116. The spreader 118 canprovide the layer with a substantially uniform thickness. In some cases,the first spreader 118 can press on the layer of powder to compact thepowder.

The printhead 102 and/or the support 110 can also optionally include afirst sensing system 120 and/or a second sensing system 122 to detectproperties of the apparatus 100 as well as powder dispensed by thedispensing system 116.

In some implementations, the printhead 102 includes a second dispensingsystem 124 to dispense the second powder 108. A second spreader 126 canoperate with the second dispensing system 124 to spread and compact thesecond powder 108. The apparatus 100, e.g., the printhead 102 or thesupport 110, can also include a second heat source 125 that, like thefirst heat source 112, directs heat to powder in large areas of thebuild platform 104.

A controller 128 can coordinate the operations of the energy source 114,heat source 112 (if present), and dispensing system 116. The controller128 can operate the dispensing system 116 to dispense the powder 106 andcan operate the energy source 114 and the heat source 112 to fuse thepowder 106 to form a workpiece 130 that becomes the object to be formed.The controller 128 can operate the first dispensing system 116 tocontrol, for example, the thickness and the distribution of the powder106 dispensed on the build platform 104. The distribution of powderdispensed for each layer, e.g., the locations of the powder within eachlayer, can vary based on the implementation of the additivemanufacturing apparatus. In some cases, the first dispensing system 116can selectively dispense a layer of powders across the build stage suchthat some portions include powder and some portions do not includepowder. In some implementations, the first dispensing system 116 candispense a uniform layer of powder on the work surface.

Dispensing Systems

FIG. 2 illustrates an example dispensing system of the additivemanufacturing apparatus. The example dispensing system can be thedispensing system 116 (and/or, e.g., the second dispensing system 124)of FIG. 1. The dispensing system 116 includes an enclosure 202 housingvarious components for dispensing powder for additive manufacturing. Theenclosure 202 can be formed by a frame 201 that defines walls to protectthe interior components of the dispensing system 116. One of thecomponents visible in FIG. 2 is a powder reservoir 131. In the exampleshown, the powder reservoir 131 is a container that may contain rawmaterial, e.g., a powder, e.g., a metal powder, e.g., titanium powder,for additive manufacturing. The container for the powder reservoir 131can be a hopper, e.g., tapered toward its bottom and configured todischarge its contents at the bottom, e.g., under the influence ofgravity.

The dispensing system 116 can include one or more knobs 206, e.g., ringknobs, attached to a cover 207 of the dispensing system 116. Each of theknobs 206 can be used to lift the cover 207 to expose the interiorcomponents of the dispensing system.

The dispensing system 116 can include electrical connections 212, e.g.,flat cable connectors. The dispensing system 116 can also includetraversing hook-ups 208. The traversing hook-ups 208 can be used as orwith adaptors or interfaces (not shown) to attach the dispensing system116 to a traversing gantry or mechanical motion assembly that moves thedispensing system 116 across a substrate or surface to selectivelydispense powders. The electrical connectors 212 can receive electricalpower and instructions from respective electrical cables to operate thecomponents of the dispensing system 116. For example, as shown in FIG.1B, the controller 128 can send instructions to the dispensing system116 through the cables to control the dispensing of powder on theplatform.

The dispensing system 116 can include one or more purge ports 210through which the dispensing system 116 can be flushed with inert gas tokeep oxygen level inside the enclosure 202 to a level below a threshold.For example, the dispensing system 116 can include gas ports forconnecting to an inert gas source, e.g., a nitrogen gas or argoncylinder or pump that, during operation, receives gas to be purgedthrough purge port 210.

In some implementations, the dispensing system 116 can include coolantports for connecting to a coolant source, e.g., a water pump that keepstemperature of the dispensing system 116 below a threshold temperature.

FIG. 3A is a top schematic view of an example dispensing system 116. Inthis view, a top side of a nozzle array 302 at the bottom or at a baseof the powder reservoir 131 is visible. In particular, the inlets forthe nozzles 306 in the array 302 are visible. The nozzle array 302includes multiple nozzles 306 that allow powder to flow from the powderreservoir 131 to a top surface of a platen where an object is to beprinted from the powder. The nozzles 306 can be arranged in a singlerow. The nozzles 306 continuously cover at least a portion of the width,e.g., the entire width, of the top surface of the platen. Accordingly,when the dispensing system 116 sweeps along length of the top surface ofthe platen, the nozzle array 302 can sweep the entire area of the topsurface.

In the example shown in FIG. 3A, the inlets are squares, but othersuitable shapes, e.g., circular, hexagonal, or rectangular, can be used.The inlets of the nozzles 306 a can have a size of between 10 microns to1 millimeter across. The inlets of the nozzles in the array 302 can havea uniform size.

The nozzles can be positioned in an arrangement that has one or morerows. In the example shown, the nozzles 306 are arranged in one row. Asfurther described in detail below with respect to FIG. 8, the electricmotors disposed on one side of the powder reservoir 131 are positionedin a staggered arrangement with the electric motors on the other side ofthe powder reservoir 131 to form a continuous row of alternating nozzles306 to continuously cover at least a portion of the width of the topsurface of the platen.

Each nozzle 306 in the nozzle array 302 can be individually controlled,such that when the dispensing system 116 sweeps along the length, flowof the powder can be controlled. The controlled flow allows thedispensing system 116 to dispense powder only to portions of the objectto be printed that are solid.

Referring also to FIG. 3B, the interior component of the dispensingsystem 116 includes printed circuit boards 308, e.g., powderdistribution circuit boards or break-out boards. At least one circuitboard 308 is disposed on each longitudinal side of the powder reservoir131. Each circuit board 308 individually controls and provides power toelectric motors (see FIG. 8) that are disposed under the circuit boards308. For example, the circuit boards 308 can be electrically coupled tothe electrical connectors 212. The circuit boards 308 can be arrangedvertically (as shown in FIG. 3B) or horizontally.

FIG. 4A is a front perspective view of removable dispensing unit 117from an example dispensing system 116. The dispensing system 116includes multiple dispensing units 117, arranged in one or two rows. Asfurther described in detail with respect to FIG. 8, each dispensing unit117 can be removably attached to the frame or to the powder reservoir ofthe dispensing system.

Each dispensing unit 117 can control dispensing of powder from a singlenozzle 306. The dispensing unit 117 includes an electric motor 408, anozzle block 307 and a valve or powered wheel 404. The dispensing unit117 can have a transmission mechanism, e.g., a belt, a gear, or a wormdrive to drive the powder wheel 404. FIG. 4A shows the motor 408configured as a belt drive motor but the motor 408 can be configured asa direct drive motor. As shown below in FIG. 8, the belt-drivenconfiguration of the dispensing unit 117 can help reduce the verticalfootprint of the dispensing system 116. The motor 408 includes a drivewheel or pulley 415 connected, through a belt 412, to a belt-drivenwheel or pulley 412. The belt-driven wheel 412 is disposed inside awheel housing 410 attached, e.g., permanently attached, to the nozzleblock 307. The nozzle block 307 is attached to a bolt-on nozzle block402 that allows the dispensing unit 117 to be removably attached to theframe of the dispensing system. For example, the nozzle block 307 has athreaded hole 405 that corresponds with a hole of the bolt-on nozzleblock 402 to attach the bold-on nozzle block 402 to the nozzle block307.

FIG. 4B is a side perspective cross-sectional view of the dispensingunit 117 of FIG. 4A. As shown above with respect to FIG. 3A, nozzles 306are positioned at the bottom of the powder reservoir 131. The nozzleblock 307 has a passage therethrough that defines the nozzle 306, e.g.,a single nozzle 306, and provides a respective path for the powder toflow.

The powder valve or powder wheel 404 is positioned in the passage 401provided by the nozzle 306. For example, each nozzle 306 has a powderwheel 404 inside the nozzle 306 between an inlet of the nozzle and anoutlet of the nozzle. The powder wheel 404 is axially connected by adrive shaft 309 to the belt-driven wheel 412 that is rotated by themotor 408. The motor 408 can be an individually controllable brushlessmotor, e.g., a stepper motor. The powder wheel 404, when rotated by themotor 408, allows powder to flow through the nozzle 306. A rotationspeed of the powder wheel 404 corresponds to the flow rate, where, up toa limit, higher rotation speed correspond to higher flow rate. Thepowder wheel 404, when not rotating, prevents powder from flowingthrough the nozzle 306. Thus, when the powder wheel 404 is rotated,powder flows from the inlet of the nozzle 306 though an outlet in thebolt-on nozzle block 402 to fall on the printing platform.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example powder wheel 404. Other powder wheels ofthe dispensing system can have a similar structure. The powder wheel 404can have an axle 502 that is coupled (e.g., coupled directly orindirectly) to the driving motor. The powder wheel 404 can rotate aboutthe longitudinal axis of the axle 502. The active portion of the powderwheel 404, i.e., the portion that will contact the powder, can include acylindrical surface 506 that has one or more troughs 504. Thecylindrical surface 506 can have a larger diameter than the axle 502.Each trough 504 can be arranged parallel or generally parallel to theaxle 502. The length of each trough 504 can correspond to a width ordiameter of a nozzle, e.g., the nozzle 306 of FIG. 3A. The width of eachtrough 504 can be selected based on the size of the powder to bedispensed, such that at least one powder particle can fit into the widthof the trough 504. Likewise, the depth of each trough 504 can beselected based on the powder to be dispensed, such that at least onepowder particle can fit into the depth of the trough 504 withoutprotruding from the surface 506 of the powder wheel 404. Spacing betweentroughs can correspond to desired spatial resolution of the printing andspeed of the driving motor.

When the powder wheel 404 rotates, powder will shift, e.g., undergravity, into the troughs 504. The one or more troughs 504 can transportthe powder through the gap between the cylindrical surface 506 and thesidewalls of nozzle. Thus, rotation of the powder wheel 404 will causethe powder to flow from an inlet of a nozzle to an outlet of the nozzle,thus from the powder reservoir to the top surface of the platen. Ingeneral, the faster the rotation, the higher the flow rate. When thepowder wheel 404 is stationary, the powder wheel 404 blocks passage ofthe powder. Accordingly, controlling rotation speed of the powder wheel404 controls flow rate of the powder. The troughs 504 could be formed inthe cylindrical surface 506 at an angle to the axis of rotation to forma partial or full spiral around the axis of rotation.

For solid parts of the object, the powder wheel rotates to allow thepowder to flow from the powder reservoir to the top surface. For emptyparts of the object, the powder wheel remains stationary to prevent thepowder from flowing from the powder reservoir to the top surface.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example arrangement of powder wheels 404 a, 404 b,and 404 c arranged in respective nozzles 306 a, 306 b, and 306 c. Thenozzles 306 a, 306 b, and 306 c extend from openings of a base 444 ofthe powder reservoir 131. The diameters of the powder wheels 404 a, 404b, and 404 c correspond to widths or diameters of the nozzles 306 a, 306b, and 306 c. In the example shown, the powder wheels 404 a, 404 b, and404 c are placed between inlets of the nozzles 306 a, 306 b, and 306 c(at the top) and outlets of the nozzles 306 a, 306 b, and 306 c (at thebottom). Space tolerance between the powder wheels and walls of theirrespective nozzles is configured to be smaller than diameter of powderparticles. Accordingly, only powder in the troughs of the powder wheelscan move from the inlets to the outlets. The limit in space toleranceprevents powder from leaking through space between the powder wheels andthe walls.

The powder wheels 404 a, 404 b, and 404 c and respective nozzle blocks307 a, 307 b, and 307 c can be part of opposed rows of dispensing unitswith the dispensing units 117 of one row alternating with the dispensingunits of the opposite row. For example, a first powder wheel 404 a and athird powder wheel 404 c extend from a common side of the powderreservoir 131 and a second powder wheel 404 b extends from an oppositeside of the powder reservoir 131.

However, the nozzles 306 of the dispensing units 117 can still be in asingle linear row. For example, for successive dispensing units alongthe row of nozzles 306, the motor 408 and drive belt 412 can bepositioned on alternating opposite sides of the row of nozzles 306.

FIG. 7 is a cross-section view of the dispensing system 116. Thedispensing system 116 includes a powder reservoir assembly 700. Thepowder reservoir 131 has, in side view, a funnel shape cross-section.Walls of the funnel guide powder downward toward the nozzle array 306.In particular, the powder reservoir 131 can include a middle portion 730that defines the narrowing portion of the funnel and a lower portion 732of uniform width.

The powder reservoir assembly 700 includes an array of dispensing units117 releasably coupled to the frame 201 of the dispensing system 116.The frame 201 of the dispensing system 117 includes a first base plate710 and a second base plate 711 releasably attached to the frame. Thefirst base plate 710 and second base plate 711 at least partiallysupport a first row of dispensing units 117 with respective motors 408disposed on one side of the powder reservoir 131 and a second row ofdispensing units 117 with respective motors 408 positioned on the otherside of the powder reservoir 131. For example, the array of dispensingunits 117 includes a first row of dispensing units 117 opposite a secondrow of dispensing units 117, the two rows disposed at a same elevationwith respect to the build platform. The two rows of dispensing units 117are arranged in a staggered configuration such that the nozzle blocks307 of the dispensing units 117 of the first row alternate, along thewidth of the build platform, with the nozzle blocks 307 of thedispensing units 117 of the second row. The motors 408 in each row ofdispensing units 117 are disposed adjacent to each other.

As shown in FIB. 8, the respective nozzle blocks 307 of each row ofdispensing units 117 form one row of nozzle blocks 307 and arepositioned between the base of the powder reservoir 131 (that contactsthe respective nozzle blocks 307 on top) and the two base plates 710 and711 to prevent the multiple dispensing units 317 from moving verticallywith respect to the top surface of the build plate. Each nozzle block307 has projections 760, e.g., pins, that extend vertically from a topsurface of the nozzle block into a respective hole of the base of thepowder reservoir to serve as detents to hold the nozzle blocks 397 (andby extension the dispensing units 117) in place.

The multiple dispensing units 117 are releasably coupled to at least oneof the base plates 710 and 711. The dispensing units 117 are releasablecoupled with a mechanical fastener, e.g., a screw, to prevent thedispensing unit 117 from moving horizontally or parallel with respect tothe top surface of the platen. Releasable coupled indicates that thedispensing unit 117 can be removed from the remainder of the assembly byhand or using conventional tools, e.g., a screwdriver, without damage tothe fastener, dispensing unit 117 or assembly.

Also referring to FIG. 8, at least one of the base plates 710 and 711are removed from the frame 201 to remove one or more dispensing units.For example, referring back to FIG. 4B, the bolt-on nozzle block 402 ofthe dispensing unit 117 can have a threaded hole 403 that correspondswith an aperture of one of the base plates 710 and 711. The threadedhole 403 can receive a screw that fastens the dispensing unit 117 to thebody of the dispensing system. Each dispensing unit 117 can be removedafter removing at least one of the base plates by moving the dispensingunit 117 downward. Removing individual dispensing units 117 allowsrepairing or maintaining, e.g., unclogging, individual nozzle blocks,e.g., individual nozzles, quickly or while the process is still runningusing a replacement dispensing unit.

Referring back to FIG. 7, the dispensing system 116 also includes one ormore heat shields or cooling plates 719 disposed under the frame 201(e.g., under the removable base plates 710 and 711) to protect thedispensing system 116 from overheating. The cooling plate 719 caninclude a heat exchange element such as an air or liquid cooled tubethat carries heat away from the dispensing system.

The powder reservoir 131 can have an agitator 902. The agitator 902 canbe a paddle wheel or augur screw that oscillates (e.g., rotates back andforth about the long axis) to maintain the flowability of the powder.The agitator 902 can run along the width of the powder reservoir 131.The agitator 902 helps the powder spread evenly along width of thepowder reservoir 131 such that flow of the powder through the activenozzles is not impeded.

The control and powder distribution circuit 308 controls individualmotors 408 to rotate the powder wheel 404 of the dispensing units 117located on the respective side of the powder reservoir 131. In someimplementations, the control and powder distribution circuit 308includes sensors configured to detect stalling of the powder wheels. Forexample, each powder wheel can be coupled to a tachometer 406. Thetachometer 406 can measure the rotation speed, e.g., in rpm. If a powderwheel is stalled (e.g., either a complete stall or a speed reduction),e.g., due to uneven size or clump in the powder, a corresponding sensorcan detect the stall. The control and powder distribution circuit 708can submit information of the stall to a control device to stopprinting, or to a display device notifying a user of an anomaly.Alternatively or in addition, the system can increase the rotation rateof adjacent powder wheels to increase powder delivery in immediatelyadjacent regions to compensate for the reduced powder delivery from thestalled powder wheel.

FIG. 9A illustrates an example paddle wheel, gear box and drivemechanism. The paddle wheel, gear box and drive mechanism can be mountedon the powder reservoir 131. As shown in FIG. 9B, an agitator 902 runsacross width of the powder reservoir 131. As a paddle wheel, theagitator 902 has one or more paddles 904 that project outwardly from arotatable axle 905. This stirs powder in the powder reservoir 131 sothat powder is distributed evenly to the nozzles.

Operations of the Dispensing Systems

The dispensing systems described herein facilitate dispensing andcompaction of powder onto the build platform of the apparatus. Anexample process of additive manufacturing can be performed by an AMapparatus including dispensing system, e.g., the apparatus 100 includingthe dispensing system 116 of FIG. 1A.

A powder reservoir of a powder dispensing system, e.g., a hopper,receives powder for printing an object. An agitator in the powderreservoir agitates the powder to maintain the powder in a flowablestate. This permits the powder to distribute uniformly across an arrayof nozzles. The array of nozzles is coupled to the powder reservoir atthe base of the powder reservoir. The nozzles are positioned in anarrangement, e.g., in one or more rows. In combination, the nozzlescontinuously span at least a portion of width of a top surface of aplaten on which the object is to be printed.

The nozzles dispense the powder from the powder reservoir to the topsurface. During dispensing, a respective powder wheel in each nozzlecontrols a respective flow rate of the powder for the nozzle. Theapparatus forms the layer by moving the dispensing system across lengthof the top surface of the platen.

Each powder wheel can have multiple troughs on surface of the wheel fortransporting the powder when the wheel rotates. Each powder wheel iscoupled to a respective motor. Rotating speed and geometric shape oftroughs of each powder wheel control the respective flow rate. Forexample, rotating a powder wheel allows the powder to flow from thepowder reservoir to the top surface where a portion of the objectrequires comprises solid material. A stationary a powder wheel that doesnot rotate can prevent the powder from flowing from the powder reservoirto the top surface where the object is not being fabricated.

A cooling plate can be mounted on the dispensing system to cools thedispensing system.

Optionally, a spreader, e.g., a blade, a roller or both, levels and/orcompacts the powder dispensed on the top surface.

The apparatus forms a layer of the object by fusing the leveled powder.For example, an energy beam, e.g., a laser beam, with controllableintensity can be scanned across the layer powder to selectively fuseportions of the powder corresponding to solid regions of the objectbeing fabricated.

In some implementations, the apparatus has multiple dispensing systems.Each of the dispensing systems can dispense a different powder. At leastone powder can be a metal powder.

More generally, referring to FIG. 1A, 1B, the controller 128 can operatethe apparatus 100, and in particular, the dispensing system 116 tocontrol the dispensing and compacting operations. The controller 128 canreceive signals from, for example, user input on a user interface of theapparatus or sensing signals from sensors of the apparatus 100. The userinput can CAD data indicative of the object to be formed. The controller128 can use that CAD data to determine properties of the structuresformed during additive manufacturing processes. Based on the CAD data,the controller 128 can generate instructions usable by each of thesystems operable with the controller 128, for example, to dispense thepowder, to fuse the powder, to move various systems of the apparatus100, and to sense properties of the systems, powder, and/or theworkpiece 130.

In an example process of dispensing and compacting the powder, powderparticles are first loaded through the powder reservoir 131 of FIG. 2.The powder reservoir 131 can be a hopper serving as a reservoir for thepowder. The powder particles travel through the powder reservoir 131toward an array of nozzles. Powder wheels in the array of nozzlescontrols where on the top surface of the platen the powder is dispensed.

The controller can control the level of compaction, the location ofpowder dispensing, and the rate of powder dispensing based on thedesired levels for each of those parameters included in the CAD data. Inthis regard, the controller can control the powder wheels to achievethese desired parameters. Furthermore, the controller can use the CADdata, which can specify the geometry of the object to be formed, tocontrol where the powder is to be dispensed. While the controller cancontrol a position of the dispensing system above the build platform tocontrol where the powder is dispensed, the controller can also controlwhere along the dispensing system the powder is dispensed.

Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, the controller can control other systemsto perform operations to form the object. These systems include theprinthead 102, the heat source 112, and the energy source 114 to fusethe powder dispensed by the dispensing system 116. After the dispensingsystem 116 has dispensed a layer of the powder, the controller cancontrol the heat source 112 and the energy source 114 to cooperate toheat and fuse the powder within the layer. The controller can thencontrol the dispensing system 116 to dispense another layer of thepowder.

Controllers and computing devices can implement these operations andother processes and operations described herein. As described above, thecontroller 128 of the apparatus 100 can include one or more processingdevices connected to the various components of the apparatus 100, e.g.,actuators, valves, and voltage sources, to generate control signals forthose components. The controller can coordinate the operation and causethe apparatus 100 to carry out the various functional operations orsequence of steps described above. The controller can control themovement and operations of the systems of the printhead 102. Thecontroller 128, for example, controls the location of feed material,including the first and second powder particles. The controller 128 alsocontrols the intensity of the energy source based on the number oflayers in a group of layers to be fused at once. The controller 128 alsocontrols the location where energy is added by, for example, moving theenergy source or the printhead.

The controller 128 and other computing devices part of systems describedherein can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or incomputer software, firmware, or hardware. For example, the controllercan include a processor to execute a computer program as stored in acomputer program product, e.g., in a non-transitory machine readablestorage medium. Such a computer program (also known as a program,software, software application, or code) can be written in any form ofprogramming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, andit can be deployed in any form, including as a standalone program or asa module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in acomputing environment.

The controller 128 and other computing devices part of systems describedcan include non-transitory computer readable medium to store a dataobject, e.g., a computer aided design (CAD)-compatible file thatidentifies the pattern in which the feed material should be depositedfor each layer. For example, the data object could be a STL-formattedfile, a 3D Manufacturing Format (3MF) file, or an Additive ManufacturingFile Format (AMF) file. For example, the controller could receive thedata object from a remote computer. A processor in the controller 128,e.g., as controlled by firmware or software, can interpret the dataobject received from the computer to generate the set of signalsnecessary to control the components of the apparatus 100 to fuse thespecified pattern for each layer.

While this document contains many specific implementation details, theseshould not be construed as limitations on the scope of any inventions orof what may be claimed, but rather as descriptions of features specificto particular embodiments of particular inventions. Certain featuresthat are described in this document in the context of separateembodiments can also be implemented in combination in a singleembodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in thecontext of a single embodiment can also be implemented in multipleembodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover,although features may be described above as acting in certaincombinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more featuresfrom a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from thecombination, and the claimed combination may be directed to asubcombination or variation of a subcombination.

The printhead of FIG. 1A includes several systems that enable theapparatus 100 to build objects. In some cases, instead of a printhead,an AM apparatus includes independently operated systems, includingindependently operated energy sources, dispensers, and sensors. Each ofthese systems can be independently moved and may or may not be part of amodular printhead. In some examples, the printhead includes only thedispensers, and the apparatus include separate energy sources to performthe fusing operations. The printhead in these examples would thereforecooperate with the controller to perform the dispensing operations.

While the operations are described to include a single size of powderparticles, in some implementations, these operations can be implementedwith multiple different sizes of powder particles. While someimplementations of the AM apparatus described herein include two typesof particles (e.g., the first and the second powder particles), in somecases, additional types of particles can be used. As described above,the first powder particles have a larger size than the second powderparticles. In some implementations, prior to dispensing the secondpowder particles to form a layer, the apparatus dispenses third powderparticles onto the platen or underlying previously dispensed layer.

The processing conditions for additive manufacturing of metals andceramics are significantly different than those for plastics. Forexample, in general, metals and ceramics require significantly higherprocessing temperatures. Thus 3D printing techniques for plastic may notbe applicable to metal or ceramic processing and equipment may not beequivalent. However, some techniques described here could be applicableto polymer powders, e.g. nylon, ABS, polyetheretherketone (PEEK),polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) and polystyrene, as well as compositeparticles.

A number of implementations have been described. Nevertheless, it willbe understood that various modifications may be made. For example,

-   -   Various components described above as being part of the        printhead, such as the dispensing system(s), spreader(s),        sensing system(s), heat source and/or energy source, can be        mounted on the gantry instead of in the printhead, or be mounted        on the frame that supports the gantry.    -   The dispensing system(s) can each include more than two rows of        nozzles arranged in a staggered configuration.    -   The powder reservoir can have different shapes and sizes in        different implementations. The power source can be a funnel        shaped round container. In some implementations, the powder        reservoir can include a tube supplying powder to rows of        nozzles.    -   Continuous span across the width can be achieved in part by the        spreading of the powder on the top surface after the powder        leaves the nozzles. Accordingly, nozzles may or may not be        immediately aligned one next to another.    -   In some implementations, the printhead can move along the        support along a horizontal second axis perpendicular to the        first axis, referred to as widthwise. Movement along both the        first and second axes enables the printhead and its systems to        reach different parts of the platform beneath the support. The        movement of the printhead along the support and the movement of        the support along the rails provide multiple degrees of freedom        of mobility for the printhead. The printhead can move along a        plane above and parallel to the build platform such that the        printhead can be selectively positioned above a usable area of        the build platform (e.g., an area where the powder can be        dispensed and fused).    -   The printhead and the support can cooperate to scan the usable        area of the build platform, enabling the printhead to dispense        powder along the build platform as needed to form the object.        The printhead can scan in the forward direction along the build        platform. After the printhead travels across the build platform        from a first end to a second end of the build platform for a        first time to deposit a first stripe of the layer of powder.        Then the printhead can return to the first end, move in a        lateral direction along the horizontal second axis, and begin a        travel across the build platform again in the forward direction        for a second time to deposit a second stripe on the build        platform that is parallel to the first stripe. If the printhead        dispenses two or more different sizes of powder, the printhead        can dispense the two or more different powders during a single        pass across the platform.

Accordingly, other implementations are within the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus, the dispensing system comprising: a housing having a ceiling,outer side walls, inner walls that define a powder reservoir to storepowder to be dispensed over a top surface of a platen, and a base platereleasably attached to the housing to form a substantially enclosedvolume; and an array of dispensing units disposed in an interior of thehousing and releasably coupled to the housing, each dispensing unitincluding a nozzle block that is positioned below the powder reservoir,that has a passage therethrough that defines a nozzle and provides arespective path for the powder to flow from the powder reservoir throughthe nozzle, and that has a valve to controllably release powder throughthe nozzle, wherein each dispensing unit is vertically detachable fromthe housing so as to be removable from the interior of the housing whenthe base plate is removed from the housing.
 2. The dispensing system ofclaim 1, wherein the housing comprises a pair of base plates eachreleasably attached to the housing.
 3. The dispensing system of claim 2,wherein the array of dispensing units comprise a first plurality ofdispensing units extending over a first of the pair of base plates and asecond plurality of dispensing units extending over a second of the pairof base plates.
 4. The dispensing system of claim 3, wherein the firstplurality of dispensing units and the second plurality of dispensingunits are arranged in alternating order in a row below the powderreservoir.
 5. The dispensing system of claim 1, further comprising oneor more heat shields connected to but spaced apart by a gap from the oneor more base plates, each base plate having an associated heat shield.6. A dispensing system for an additive manufacturing apparatus, thedispensing system comprising: a housing having a ceiling, outer sidewalls, inner walls that define a trough having one or more firstapertures at a bottom thereof, and one or more base plates defining oneor more second apertures, the trough providing powder reservoir to storepowder to be dispensed over a top surface of a platen; and an array ofdispensing units disposed in an interior of the housing, each dispensingunit including a nozzle block that is positioned below the powderreservoir and having edges captured between a bottom of the trough andinner edges of the base plate, each nozzle block having a passagetherethrough that defines a nozzle and provides a respective path forthe powder to flow from a first aperture of the one or more firstapertures to a second aperture of the one or more second apertures. 7.The dispensing system of claim 6, wherein the housing includes a pair ofbase plates that are substantially coplanar and spaced apart to definethe second aperture.
 8. The dispensing system of claim 7, wherein thesecond aperture extends along a width of the housing across multiplenozzle blocks.
 9. A dispensing system for an additive manufacturingapparatus, the dispensing system comprising: a frame; a powder reservoirjoined to the frame and configured to store powder to be dispensed overa top surface of a platen; and an array of dispensing units releasablycoupled to the frame of the dispensing system by projections that extendinto respective detents in a bottom of the powder reservoir, eachdispensing unit including a nozzle block having a passage therethroughthat defines a nozzle and provides a respective path for the powder toflow from the powder reservoir to the nozzle and a valve positioned inthe passage to controllably release powder through the nozzle.
 10. Thedispensing system of claim 9, wherein the powder reservoir has aplurality of apertures arranged in a row along a first axis, whereinpassages of the nozzle blocks are aligned with the plurality ofapertures, and wherein the projections are spaced apart from theapertures along a second axis perpendicular to the first axis.
 11. Thedispensing system of claim 9, wherein the frame includes a housinghaving one or more base plates, and wherein each nozzle block ispositioned below the powder reservoir and has edges captured between abottom of the trough and a rim of the base plate.
 12. A dispensingsystem for an additive manufacturing apparatus, the dispensing systemcomprising: a frame; a powder reservoir joined to the frame andconfigured to store powder to be dispensed over a top surface of aplaten, the powder reservoir having a first width along a primary axis,the powder reservoir including a lower portion having a second widthalong a second axis perpendicular to the primary axis and an upperportion having a third width along the second axis that is greater thanthe second width; an agitator positioned in the upper portion of thepowder reservoir; and an array of dispensing units positioned below thepowder reservoir, each dispensing unit including a nozzle block that hasa passage therethrough that defines a nozzle and provides a respectivepath for the powder to flow from the powder reservoir to the nozzle, anda valve positioned in the passage in the nozzle block to controllablyrelease powder through the nozzle.
 13. The dispensing system of claim12, wherein the agitator extends along the width of the powderreservoir.
 14. The dispensing system of claim 12, wherein the agitatorincludes a paddle wheel or augur screw.
 15. A dispensing system for anadditive manufacturing apparatus, the dispensing system comprising: ahousing having a ceiling, outer side walls, inner walls that define atrough, and one or more base plates defining one or more apertures, thetrough providing a powder reservoir to store powder to be dispensed overa top surface of a platen; an array of dispensing units positioned belowthe powder reservoir, each dispensing unit including a nozzle block thathas a passage therethrough that defines a nozzle aligned with anaperture from the one or more apertures and that provides a respectivepath for the powder to flow from the powder reservoir to the nozzle,each dispensing unit further including a valve positioned in the passagein the nozzle block to controllably release powder through the nozzle;and one or more heat shields connected to but separated from the one ormore base plates by a vertical gap, each base plate having an associatedheat shield.
 16. The dispensing system of claim 15, wherein the housingincludes a pair of base plates that are substantially coplanar andspaced apart to define the second aperture.
 17. The dispensing system ofclaim 16, comprising a pair of heat shields spaced apart by a horizontalgap, the horizontal gap aligned with the second aperture.
 18. Thedispensing system of claim 15, wherein each base plate is removablycoupled to an outer side wall.